Deny own resources to children of rivals, To prevent other males from sharing the prime females. Let's say that the concordance rate for extraversion is 60%, then, if one twin was extroverted, there would be a 60% chance that the other would be as well. This is the same as happens when engaged in real acts of violence. However, control females given testosterone as adults did not react in this way, suggesting that testosterone masculinizes androgen-sensitive neural circuits underlying aggression in the brain (Edwards,1968). The idea behind biological explanations of offending behaviour is that crime is associated with biological abnormalities. THE BASIC SAMPLE ANALYZED IN THIS STUDY COMPRISES 3,586 TWIN PAIRS BORN IN THE EASTERN HALF OF DENMARK BETWEEN 1881 AND 1910, IN WHICH BOTH TWINS WERE ALIVE AT LEAST UNTIL THE AGE OF 15 YEARS. The conclusion here is that individuals can inherit genetic conditions which make them prone to offending behaviour. During an action movie, we feel excited and stimulated. Mistakes are instantly punished. The Importation Model focuses on the characteristics of the individual. Berkowitz found the presence of the baseball bat led to more aggressive responses. Reductionist: Is this an over-simplification? Once triggered, the FAP always ran its course to completion without any further stimulus. The situational approach: prisons make people aggressive its the situation to blame. Research support for anonymity Zimbardo found that when asking females to elicit electric shocks to each other, more severe shocks were given in the deindividuated condition (participants wore hoods that hid their faces) than in the controlled condition (participants were introduced to each other and wore nametags) There is support for anonymity as a factor of de-individuation, causing aggression. 3 - Mednick et al. If both identical twins are criminal this suggests a very strong link to criminality. Methods: Asurvey among all 3,099 Danish twins ages 75 years and older identified in the Danish Twin Registry. Monoamines include many neurotransmitters that facilitate communication between brain areas. Arch. It was concluded that the genetic abnormality in the males was linked to their inability to control their aggression. WHILE IT IS NOTED THAT CONCORDANCE RESULTS CAN BE NONCOMPARABLE DUE TO CHANGES IN THE PENAL CODE OVER THE YEARS, AS WELL AS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT NO RADICAL CHANGES TOOK PLACE DURING THE PERIOD COVERED BY THIS STUDY IN DENMARK. After all, they were biologically predetermined to commit crimes and had no choice. To see off predators: For example, a group of hissing geese can drive off a fox, even though the fox would probably win a straight fight. (1993) conducted an analysis of a large family in the Netherlands, a number of which had been responsible for various counts of anti-social and criminal behaviour including attempted rape, exhibitionism and arson. MAO-A enzyme breaks down monoamines like serotonin. Genetic factors do not work in isolation but interact with environmental factors as well. Prisoners were often gang members before going to prison, and their loyalties and relationships are continued in the prison environment. Another situational argument is that the prisons themselves are dysfunctional. Zimbardos experiment strongly supports the situational approach. Genetic explanations investigate the heritability and genetic correlates of offending behaviour. Cognitive priming is based on the idea that memory works through association. A prison is a violent place because aggressive people are in there. Role of the Environment in Biological Explanations of Offending Behaviour. He defined psychopathy as follows: 1. THIS IS NOTED WITH REFERENCE TO URBAN VERSUS RURAL ENVIRONMENTS, OLDER VERSUS YOUNGER GENERATIONS, HIGHER VERSUS LOWER SOCIAL CLASSES, REARING FOR WOMEN VERSUS REARING FOR MEN, AND SANCTIONS AGAINST SERIOUS CRIME VERSUS SANCTIONS AGAINST MINOR OFFENSES. Dalgard and Kringlen (1976), in Norway, found . Kety, S.S., D. Rosenthal, P.H. You can also search for this author in Reactive way: The child's temperament, which develops due to genetics, can influence how others react to them. This suggests testosterone doesnt simply cause aggression, but it makes aggression more likely as a response to frustration. Christiansen (1977) found MZ concordance rates of 35 per cent, compared with 13 per cent for DZ twins. 1:86. The media gives aggressive behavior social approval, especially where effects on victims are minimized and appear justified. Genes alone do not control aggression. Ethology is where we learn about human psychology from studying other animals. Niko Tinbergen called these Fixed Action Patterns [FAP]. Genes consist of DNA strands. Plomin and Asbury (2005) conducted a review that highlighted that, just as environmental research needs to consider the influence of genetics, genetics research needs to consider the role of the environment. This creates a society in which each individual knows their place. Women are less likely to be victims of domestic violence if they have several brothers in town, so aggression can be controlled. Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior. In the 1960s, social learning theory, seen as a challenge to behaviorists, suggested children learn things even without doing them through observational learning and modeling. Low cortisol leads to Sensation seeking behavior, especially in males (Zuckerman, 2010). One aspect of this is that we often see acts of violence going unpunished in movies or games, and this could lead to disinhibition. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. This supports the importation model. So, the level of aggression will depend on the following: Real-world application to explain mass killings Staub suggests that mass killings are often rooted in the frustration caused by social and economic difficulties within a society, leading to aggression against this group Can be applied to the Germans blaming the Jews for the loss of the war and the severe economic problems following it which suggests that widespread frustration, when manipulated by a propaganda machine, can have violent consequences for a scapegoat group. Normally, we act in certain ways because we have been socialized to know what is right and wrong. One genetic abnormality affecting serotonin metabolism is the MAOA gene. Christiansen (1977) examined over 3,500 twin pairs in Denmark and identified concordance rates of criminal behaviour. Sarbin, T.R and J.E. Rats selected for reduced aggression levels had higher serotonin and greater levels of serotonin-related activity than wild, more aggressive counterparts (Popova et al., 1991). What are the three ways in which genetics influence the environment? We can investigate the degree to which genes contribute to a trait or behaviour by calculating heritability estimates. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Christiansen, K.O. Family studies have shown a degree of heritability of offending behaviour. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Moving along, we will explore how the environment can interact with biological explanations of offending behaviour. 4. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, 2023 Simply Psychology - Study Guides for Psychology Students. Genetics - Selective Breeding 6 terms jack_squires3 1. One strength of the genetic explanation of offending behaviour is that it is based on scientific studies and supported by empirical evidence. It may be easier to understand and remember the hydraulic model if you compare it to a toilet! THE PAIRWISE RATE OF CONCORDANCE, WHICH HAS BEEN USED IN ALL THE PREVIOUS CHRIMINOLOGICAL TWIN TWIN STUDIES, IS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) MALES, 35 PERCENT; FOR DIZYGOTIC (DZ) MALES, 13 PERCENT; FOR MZ FEMALES, 21 PERCENT; AND FOR DZ FEMALES, 8 PERCENT. While Lombrosos work was influential, it quickly lost popularity. They have evolved ways of warning others to back off: Dogs bark and snarl, cats hiss, apes beat their chest, or wave sticks about. This would be maladaptive bad for the species. Damage to the gene in so-called knockout mice raises aggression. In the natural world, a certain level of natural fear should make people hold back from violent situations. Others may be jealousy, pain, and loneliness. In:S.A. Mednick and K.O. (1984)adoptees were most likely to offend if both their biological and adoptees parents had a criminal record. However, this is a rather weak piece of research as it does not allow for the fact that those gang members had already been segregated away from other gang members. Bushman does not agree with the idea of Catharsis that aggression may lead to more aggression. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 July 2008 D.J. Pinker (1997) states aggression evolved in men to compete for women. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE INFLUENCE OF BACKGROUND FACTORS ON THE CONCORDANCE RATES IN VARIOUS SUBGROUPS OF TWINS, IT IS NECESSARY TO COMPARE THE CONCORDANT PAIRS WITH THE TOTAL TWIN POPULATION WHEN THE TRAIT OCCURS WITH A RELATIVELY HIGH FREQUENCY, AS IS THE CASE WITH CRIME. found that participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug gave fewer and less intense electric shocks to a confederate than people in a placebo group This gives evidence of a link between serotonin function and aggression that goes beyond correlational findings. Neural explanations describe behaviour in terms of abnormalities within the brain and the nervous system. Delisi (2004) found that gang members were NOT more violent than other prisoners. This was supported by a. decreased concentration of 5-HIAA (a serotonin metabolite) in the participants' urine samples. Twin studies are a well known method for identifying a genetic basis of behaviour. Why were the males studied by Brunner et al. Using old Danish police records Christiansen (1977) demonstrated that levels of criminality showed a stronger correlation between identical twins - with the same genes - than between dizygotic twins. Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour. Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Theory of Planned Behaviour Theory of Reasoned Action Tolerance and Withdrawal Syndrome Aggression Behaviour Modification Biological Explanations for Bullying Bullying Behaviour Cortisol Research Deindividuation True or False: Grove (1990) found significant negative correlations between genetic influences and symptoms of antisocial behaviour in twins reared apart. This is aggression within a single group, mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy. 44 pages . Contradictory evidence Bushman found that participants who vented their anger using a punch bag actually became more angry and aggressive, and doing nothing was actually more effective in reducing aggression The study casts doubt on the validity of the hypothesis: that aggression reduces arousal and one is then less likely to continue to be angry and aggressive and suggests that aggression may not be cathartic. When were adoptees most likely to offend, according to the Mednick et al. Comparative much of the work on hormones and neurotransmitters have been done on animals and may not apply to humans so easily. increases in physiological arousal; decreases in helping behavior. He found that if the model had a red underside, the stickleback would aggressively display and attack it, but no red meant no aggression. If we know that a persons genes can predispose them to aggressive behavior, then genetic engineering can be used to remove the gene and reduce this risk; more extreme measures like chemical castration can be used but can pose serious ethical questions as individuals are labeled as dangerous based on their genes. Zelli [1995] found that cognitive priming could be used to make people suspicious of the intentions of others. 1971. of the users don't pass the Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour quiz! Explains aggression through natural selection (survival of the fittest, aggressive genes are passed on to subsequent generations as aggressive individuals more able to compete for resources). Price 16.20. Wolves, Stags, and Lions. LS23 6AD The red on the competing males underbelly is the stimulus that triggers the IRM that, in turn, leads to the aggressive FAP. LeBon suggested that when in a crowd, the combination of anonymity, suggestibility, and contagion (likelihood of a behavior being copied) mean that a collective mind take control of the individual. Once it is out of the system, the animal is less aggressive again till the level of Action Specific Energy has built up again. Tends to overlook the effects of socialization and other environmental issues, such as environmental stressors. Results of twin studies have helped in prevention of vulnerable disorders; Christiansen (1977) supports the view that criminality does have a genetic component; Disadvantages. The general environment becomes dangerous and aggressive. If a trait is heritable, we expect to see a greater similarity among monozygotic twin pairs. Copenhagen:Gyldendal. Supports deindividuation theory. Secondly the difference between male and female twin pairs raises an interesting question about the role of gender in criminal behaviour (see critical thinking section below). They suggest that groups or sub-cultures come together because they have some sort of similarity (convergence) and then establish their own norms (emergent norms). Aggression is a result of frustration. CONCORDANCE IN RELATION TO SOCIAL BACKGROUND FACTORS IS ANALYZED IN UNSELECTED TWIN PAIRS FROM THE DANISH TWIN REGISTER. Ballistic: Once it starts, it cannot simply be stopped. They also have certain learned patterns of behavior The code of the Streets.. The fearlessness Theory: Stress, caused by the hormone cortisol, may inhibit aggression through fear. It isnt clear whether hormones promote aggression or aggressive behavior stimulates hormone production. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301359. To get resources: Lorenz also suggested that much aggression was aimed at members of the same species when competing for territory or sexual partners, but some animals are so fierce they could easily damage each other when fighting for dominance, Eg. Get and keep a better share of resources. Long-term Disinhibition: Too much violent TV can change our actual moral values so that we see more violent standards of behavior as acceptable. The main criterion is that benefits must outweigh costs. These low rates indicate that biological factors are less important than we may suspect and environmental factors are more important than we first thought. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. FEMALE DZ: 8% Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Early twin studies e.g. Creatures have evolved an instinctive response to certain signs. They may also have problems that cause problems with relationships. The danger is that it justifies deviant behavior: Plenty of people suffer injustice or unfairness and do not turn to violence. Christiansen, K.O. This paper performs a critical review of twin and adoption studies looking at possible genetic factors in criminal and antisocial behavior. So individuals with lower levels of cortisol are less inhibited, more inclined to take risks, and act impulsively (Raine, 2002). It takes away from people's ability to make free choices about their behaviour and assumes that a genetic predisposition is bound to cause offending. This was supported by a decreased concentration of 5-HIAA (a serotonin metabolite) in the participants' urine samples. The genetic explanation of offending behaviour can be considered to be biologically reductionistic. West Yorkshire, 1970. Therefore there must be some additional factor, such as a biological dimension, to explain why some people turn to violence or aggression when faced with problems and others dont. The Phineas Gage study provides evidence that brain damage may have an effect on personality, including aggression. The Transmission of Schizophrenia. (1984)study? In:D. Glass (Ed.) Its 100% free. (RCB), Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Brunner (1993) looked at a very large Dutch family with 28 males who had a history of rape, violence, and impulsive aggression associated with low levels of the MAOA gene. By studying identical twins reared apart, Grove (1990) wanted to investigate if their similarities remain even if they don't share their environment. Dogs can be trained by hunters, the army, and the police to act in particular ways. The aim of the study was to investigate the heritability . One genetic abnormality affecting serotonin metabolism is the MAOA gene. [Mullin and Linz 1995], Children who believe their heroes are realistic, Children who believe the media reflects real life. Animal studies show instinctive patterns of behavior, including aggressive behavior. Conrad Lorenz believed that aggression was an innate adaptive response something which had evolved in humans and animals to help them survive. Much later, research into biological explanations of offending behaviour continued, and contemporary methods such as neuroimaging have helped us to develop scientific ways of classifying offending behaviour. In:S.A. Mednick and K.O. Genetic Research in Psychiatry. What was Lombrosos theory of crime called? 1 - Genetic explanations of offending behaviour investigate what genes are associated with offending. Innate: all the animals in that species seem to be born with it and dont have to learn it. PET-1 Gene is linked to serotonin production, which inhibits aggression. In the late 70s, Karl Christiansen launched a large-scale study of 3,586 twin pairs in Denmark. Fischer (2001) Segregating gang members inside prison so that they did not come into conflicts with other gangs led to a 50% reduction in assaults. Christiansen (Eds.) [sometimes referred to as Knockout Mice] (Deneris, 2003). [1979] found that watching violent sports did not flush aggression out of the system but tended to increase it. Presentation: How close, live, and immediate the violence was, Warmth: If the model was more friendly toward the subject. Heat, Reifmann [1991]] but could also be noise or loud music. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6672-7_4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6672-7_4. For example, sexual jealousy may have evolved to ensure that men pass on their own genes rather than allowing other males access to their mate. Tihonen et al. Huge implications for society -provides the key to understanding the causes of good and bad behavior. Five psychological theories could be mentioned to support the view that repeated exposure to video game violence may lead to real-life aggression: Everything you have ever learned about Operant Conditioning can be beautifully applied to this argument. Next, we will discuss studies that support genetic explanations of offending behaviour, including the Christiansen (1977 twin study) and Mednick et al. Prevent a partner from being unfaithful. Testosterone affects certain types of aggression in animals, such as intermale aggression as a defense response to intruders, while predatory aggression is not affected (Bermond et al., 1982). They have less sympathy for victims of violence. It, therefore, contends that events and media images can stimulate related thoughts in the minds of audience members. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. E.g. For example, do you understand the difference between Genetic explanations and Neural and hormonal explanations, and do you have a model essay for each? Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Gen. Psychiatry. Such a statement would seem bizarre today. E.g., Fertile young women 10 times at risk of domestic violence. The greater the number of people tended to correlate with the level of violence. People become less likely to notice violence in real life. Using old Danish police records, Christiansen (1977) demonstrated that levels of criminality showed a stronger correlation between identical twins with the same genes than between dizygotic twins. Its a dispositional approach because everything depends on the attitudes of the prisoners. 1977. What twin study investigated the heritability of offending behaviour? Exam Tip: If the question asks about Social Learning Theory, it is not enough only to write about the Bobo Doll experiment. If boys with the MAOa gene suffered abuse in childhood, they were 3 times more likely to be aggressive when they reached adulthood. Everything you need for your studies in one place. These may be live models, such as parents, or symbolic models, such as characters in the media. [Linz 1989]. But this only applies to places with harsh conditions: E.g., in prisons, the army, refugee camps, etc. The aim of the study was to investigate the heritability of criminal behaviour. Adoption studies A key criticism raised by research into genetics is that it cannot rule out the effect of the environment.
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